Redundancy Principle #2

What is it?

The second redundancy principle is just the idea that one should consider adding on-screen text to narration in special situations. There is evidence that shows having redundant on-screen text can actually help learning. Certain research has shown that in some situations learners generate three times as many correct answers on problems containing concurrent spoken and printed text than from spoken text alone. A big key to avoiding narrating on-screen test is when words and pictures are presented simultaneously at a fast pace. Also the redundancy principle can actually diminish the learners processing demands with on-screen texts.

Examples:

In the image below you can see how an audio narration would not help. There is enough information on the slide that will help the learners retain the information given to them. If the author of the slide were to use an audio narration I think it would give the learners what I call "sensory overload", meaning there is just to much information coming at them at one time for them to actually retain any of the information given to them. 

References: 

Readings: E-Learning: Chapter 7. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2016, from https://literatecomputing.com/t/readings-e-learning-chapter-7/2500/3

Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E. (2003). E-Learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning (Ch.7). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer.